Dynamics · Tempo, dynamics and articulation · Music theory
Dynamics indicate intensity. They are relative: a flute’s forte is not an orchestra’s, and what matters is the contrast. Gradual changes are written with…
Dynamics
Dynamics indicate intensity. They are relative: a flute’s forte is not an orchestra’s, and what matters is the contrast. Gradual changes are written with words or with hairpins, the two lines that open or close under the staff.
Beyond piano and forte
There are also ppp and fff, and sometimes more. The markings subito (suddenly) and poco a poco qualify how they are reached. Mezza voce and sotto voce ask for half voice, and messa di voce, to swell and fade on one note.
Dynamics depend on context: a forte in Mozart is not a forte in Mahler. A good performer takes them as relationships between planes of sound rather than a fixed volume.